William Wordsworth „the World Is Too Much with Us…”,

William Wordsworth deals with a very contemporary issue in his poem „The world is too much with us†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , which is kind of surprising, because the author of this poem lived in the 19th century and it seems that back then people had already realized that human beings are destroying Earth and they take nature for granted. I guess Wordsworth wrote this poem to try making people aware of their actions and its outcomes. The speaker of this poem is a lyrical I, as you can see in line 11 where the poet uses the first person: â€Å"So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,† and also in line 12 where he talks about â€Å"me†. But the speaker also mentions a certain â€Å"us† with which he refers to us people. We, the human beings, are also the addressee’s in†¦show more content†¦But instead of realizing this great present from God, we sell our hearts to materialism and we do not have time to enjoy Earth’s nature anymore, we are working too much and spending too much time on less important things. â€Å"We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!† is the way Wordsworth explains our lifestyle to us. The last part of that sentence is actually a metaphor. He describes our life as a miserable blessing and kind of feels sorry for us. Then he continues with imageries in line 5 to 11. We find two personifications, the first one is: â€Å"The Sea that bares her bosom to the moon;† The sea cannot bare her bosom, because only animals and humans have a bosom. But in this case it is a personification and the author illustrates that people do not see the bare bosom of the sea anymore. In our eyes it is nothing special, it became normal for us and we do not really think about it. Also, here the noun â€Å"Sea† is written in an upper case letter, which makes it a name and demonstrates that we are not talking about a sea, but about the sea, that is a gift from nature. We should appreciate these gifts. At a nice evening for example, we could see the moonlight shimmering in the sea, but we do not actually see it because we are too busy. He goes on with the second personification: â€Å"The winds that will be howling at all hours,/And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers;†, here it is the same idea. Winds cannot howl at all, only animals and humans are able

Law and Hickey Judicial Body Free Essays

Case 9-1 PERFROMING RIGHT SOCIETY, LIMITED v. HICKEY Judicial Body: Zambia, High Court at Lusaka, 1978, Judge Sakala Facts: Copyright infringement, Innocence of infringement; Injunction for damages Issue: Defendant played records of copyright music during a public performance. Defendant also performed the song without the permission of the copyright owner. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Hickey Judicial Body or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is an infringement and the song’s composer wants to be compensated for the use of his song. History: Defendant violated copyright laws by performing and playing records at his disco. Defendant did admit, but did not understand that he had violated any law. Plaintiff filed for an injunction of damages, and any profits earned during the time that his songs were performed and played. Decision: Zambia, High Court at Lusaka ruled that the defendant was not clear about the copyright laws and did not intentionally set out to violate the laws. The court ordered that defendant would be liable for any profits made the night of the disco. Relevancy: This case provides a reminder that any invasion of a right of property gives cause of action to the owner against the person responsible for the invasion, regardless it was intentional or not. If an infringement is admitted , but at the time of the infringement the defendant was not aware and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting copyright subsisted in the work , or other subject matter to which the action relates, plaintiff is not entitled to damages , but is entitled to an account of profits. The judge was very understanding; defendant claims that he was not aware of copyright infringement. I think one needs to consider moral rights, as a business owner, one knows that licenses are usually needed to run a restaurant , disco , and club. A license is needed for the business establishment, a license if needed to serve alcohol, I suppose it slipped his mind in regards to the music he chose to play and perform. Reference: International Business Law, Text, Cases, and Readings, August, Mayer, and Bixby, Fifth Edition How to cite Law and Hickey Judicial Body, Essays

Colombo Stock Exchange

Question: Discuss about the Colombo Stock Exchange. Answer: Introduction The imparimetn of te assets incorporated under the guidelines given by AASB 136 and IAS 36 direcly follows th norms which have been amdended by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The impairment loss is considered as that loss which has a direct impact on the cash generating units or the various types of the assets of the company. It has been further seen that IAS 36, ensures that the different types of the entitys assest are not being taken into consoderation more than their recoverable amount (Aasb.gov.au. 2017). Discussion The main purpose of the impairment test is to make sure that the companies assets are not carried more than the value of the recoverable amount. The test related to the impairment of assets as per IAS 36 norms further states that any kind of asset is considered carried to be more than its recoverable amount in case the carrying amount of the exceeds the amount to be recovered through use or sale of the asset. Hence, if such situation occurs then the assets may be considered as impaired and the applications of the standard need to be recognize it as an impairment loss. In the given case, the application of the impairment test in the Longreach Ltd. will ensure that the entitys assest are not being taken into consoderation more than their recoverable amount. It has been furher seen that an impariment test is repsonsible to measure the different types fo the activities related to the balance sheet items and the application of the various types of the rules realted to the commercial (audi t) accounts and tax accounts. The main purpose foteh impartmentn rtwest has been seen in terms of the finding the worth of the amount stated in the balance sheet. In case the impairtmetn test shows a a lower value then the same effect on the balnce shett is to be made making the neccessry chages realted to the reduction in the amount realted to the relvant accounts in the same (Francesco 2016). IASB has further defined the application of the impartment of the assets as the Carrying Amount. Hence, it has been seen that the accumulated impartment loss in the associated accounts is recognized as the amount, which is received after the deductions made related to the amortization of the assets and the various types of the losses borne after the impairment thereon. In addition to this the IFRS has further stated that the consideration of the impairment of the asset should be based in the various types the consideration related to the indefinite life assets and several types of the long terms assets such as Goodwill and specific types of the branded assets. It has been further stated that the test related to the impairment of the asset should be taken into consideration on annual basis (Anvaluations 2014). Goodwill impairment is considered as that charge which is used by the companies to record the different types of the components related to the income statements. It has been further considered that Goodwill cannot be considered to show the viability of the financial results which was expected at the time of purchase. The existence of goodwill to put an effect on the impairment test has been seen in terms of the recording of the carrying value of the financial statements in case it is seen to be exceeding its fair value. In the context of the accounting, applications of the various principles due to the detoriated capabilities related to the acquisition of the asset and generation of the cash flow activities and the associated acquisition of the assets responsible for the generation of the cash and the fair value related to the same. As per the guideline of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) the Goodwill, impairment is performed in two steps (Yu and Xu 2015). At first, th e company needs to consider the value of the reporting in carrying value given in the balance sheet. This is evident in the observable market values and seldom present during the determination of the fair value of a reporting unit. Hence, a company usually considers this under the fair value estimation of the different types of the tasks (Sooriyakumaran and Thirunavukkarasu 2013). In case it has been seen that the fair value is exceeding the carrying value, then it is not to be considered under the impartment test and in addition to this in certain case it has been observed that fair value exceeds the carrying value, the impartment is not to be considered. In case the fair value of the assets is found to be less than in terms of the carrying value of the items the company needs to apply the fair value to the various types of the application of the fair value to the different types of the identified assets and liabilities of the reporting unit. Hence, the excess of the fair value is usually considered as the new goodwill and the same needs to be deducted as goodwill impairment charge (Investopedia. 2014). The basic step which to be followed in applying the impairment test as per IAS 36, is seen in form of the application of the impairment process based on two steps. The first step has been seen with a recoverability test, which is used to compare the sum total of the undiscounted expected future cash flows in terms of the carrying amount of the reporting unit or asset (Capalbo 2013). The test of recoverability further compares the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows with the relevant carrying amount of the reporting unit. In case, the carrying amount is seen to be higher amount as per the recoverability test, and then the asset is not considered under the recoverable assets. Hence, the impairment can be applied only when the assets are not considered recoverable in nature (Ey.com. 2017). Conclusion The report is able to state on the various type of the aspects related to the impairment of the assets in the balance sheet of Longreach Ltd as on 30 June 2014. It has been further seen that the asset to be considered for only when it is not considered recoverable in nature. The good will treatment of the asset has been further been able to highlight that excess of the fair value is usually considered as the new goodwill and the same needs to be deducted as goodwill impairment charge. Reference List Aasb.gov.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Anvaluations (2014).What is an impairment test? | AN Valuation Services. [online] AN Valuation Services. Available at: https://www.anvaluations.com/2014/07/15/impairment-test/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Capalbo, F., 2013. Impairment of Assets.F. Capalbo, Impairment of Assets, in" il bilancio secondo i principi contabili internazionali IAS/IFRS. Regole ed applicazioni", edited by Lucio Potito, Giappichelli Editore Torino. Ey.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Impairment_accounting_the_basics_of_IAS_36_Impairment_of_Assets/$FILE/Impairment_accounting_IAS_36.pdf [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Francesco, C., 2016. Impairment of Assets. Investopedia. (2014).Goodwill Impairment. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/goodwill-impairment.asp [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Sooriyakumaran, L. and Thirunavukkarasu, V., 2013. Disclosures and impacts of impairment of Non-current assets in the financial statements: A study on listed manufacturing Companies in Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) in Sri Lanka.Merit Research Journal of Accounting, Auditing, Economics and Finance,1(6), pp.122-133.3 Yu, C. and Xu, J., 2015, March. Research on accounting conservatism and investment efficiency of IT enterprises: A perspective of impairment of assets. InInformation Technology and Applications: Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Information technology and Applications (ITA 2014), Xian, China, 8-9 August 2014(p. 113). CRC Press.

Shift Workers Essays - Circadian Rhythm, Working Time, Employment

Shift Workers The schedulilng of hours of work is undoubtedly one of the major social problems of industrial society. Statistic estimates that 30% of Canada's workforce are involved in some kinds of shiftwork. Of those, 33% work irregular shifts, just under 30% work rotating shifts, 17% work long term evening shifts, 10% work on call, 3% work split shifts, 3% work long term night shifts and just over 3% are classed as other. Present estimates tell us that before the trend slows, fully 35% of the workforce will work some type of shiftwork (Siroonian 123). Companies are feeling the need to maximize their efficiency by spreading their operating costs over 24 hours. However, on the other hand, working other than the standard dayshift can cause many problems for the worker. It can affect the worker's health and safety and the relationships with one's family and the community (Carpentier 14). In this essay, I will analysis the impact of shiftwork on humans and make some suggestions of how to alleviate s ome negative aspect of it. On one hand, shiftwork enhances economy advantages (Maurice 13). Adaption of shiftwork may result in a reduction in unemployment, or may provide work for those potentially unemployed (Perlow 46). In some cases, the choice may be between shift work and no work at all. In addition, shiftwork can enable full use of capital goods. James Walker suggests that from the point of view of the economy as a whole, the introduction of shift work, by reducing the stock of capital required to produce a given output, can encourage the entry of new firms into an industry and thus makes the economy more competitive (Walker 81). However, despite the economy advantages, we must take human costs into account too. Shiftwork has side effect on worker in the physicalogical aspect. The most common short-term ailment is a stomach or gastro-intestinal problem. One study found shiftworkers had twice as high a rate of ulcers as day workers did. Others have linked shiftwork with problems like heartburn, loss of appetite, diarrhea and constipation (Aanonsen 57). Few shiftworkers escape their years on rotation without experiencing at least one of those symptoms. It is because that they are not eating at traditional meal times, and eat junk food or other snacks that are quick and convenient (Aanonsen 58). Caffeine, the shiftworker's constant companion, and changing meal times from one day to the next may affect gastric secretions, aggravating digestive problems. Sleep disorders, caused by the disruption of circadian rhythm, are a common long-term health effect experienced by shiftworkers. Fatigue can also make a person mo re vulnerable to illness, poor job performance and sagging motivation (Tasto 26). Because of difficulties getting to sleep or staying awake, shiftworkers may be more likely to suffer from substance abuse. Some may use alcohol or sleeping pills as a tool to help them relax and get to sleep at the end of the shift. Others may find themselves using tobacco or drugs to keep themselves awake and functioning through the day. All these substances can be addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as heart attack, diabetes and elilepsy (Morgan 75). Many of these health effects, both long term and short term, are interconnected. When some or all of them are piled on the shiftworker's shoulders, it may also lead to depression or even nervous breakdown. Shiftwork also has effects on worker's family and social life. Plagued by constant exhaustion and obsessed with getting enough sleep, shiftworker can suffer from high levels of irritability, mood swings and stress. All of these can create complications in family relationships (Simon 343). James Walker suggests that it is common place to talk of shiftworking as abnormal, night work as unnatural, shift workers as being ioslated (walker 81). Due to shift work, family rountine may never be able to fully set, and shiftworkers may have difficulties playing the role of caregiver, social companion, sexual partners and parents. Shiftworkers have to either conform to his family's rountine, interupting his sleep to have lunch with their families, or follow a rountine of their own. If they do neither, they are forced to live to some extent independently of their families (Simon 344). Less interaction and

Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits Essays

Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits Essays Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits Essay Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits Essay A compensation system has an of import function in a company. An ideal compensation system can actuate employees to heighten their occupation public presentation. An organisation can utilize equal compensation to retain gifted employees. Retaining gifted employees is of import because they help organisations turn and gain high net incomes. A well-constructed compensation system is the key to an organisation being successful and comfortable ( Importance of Compensation. 2007 ) . To farther elaborate on the importance of compensation. the differences amongst occupation analysis and occupation rating and how these patterns assistance in making internally consistent occupation constructions will be described. and inside informations will be given on the challenges that occur when making compensations that are both internally consistent and market competitory. Besides. the equity of virtue additions based upon quartiles will be discussed. the cardinal construct of insurance and how this construct applies to wellness attention will be discussed. and the alterations in the concern environment and society that may impact the importance of lawfully required benefits will be described. Describe the Differences Between Job Analysis and Job Evaluation and How These Practices Help Establish Internally Consistent Job Structures Job analysis and occupation rating are the cardinal to making internally consistent occupation constructions. An internally consistent compensation system will specify the comparative worth of each occupation amongst all occupations in a company. Companies use a basic rule when making internally consistent compensation systems. which is occupations that require higher abilities. more duties. and more intricate occupation undertakings should be compensated more than occupations that require lower abilities. lesser duties. and fewer intricate occupation undertakings. Internally consistent occupation constructions recognize differentiations in occupation traits that allow compensation directors to put wage based upon the differentiations. Furthermore. compensation professionals create internally consistent occupation constructions by utilizing occupation analysis and occupation rating. A occupation analysis will uncover the responsibilities every bit good as compensation factors such as accomplishment and attempt that are required to sufficiently execute the occupation. The consequences of the occupation analysis will be used to carry on the occupation rating. Job rating will make wage derived functions for occupations within a company. The consequences of the occupation analysis aid compensation professionals set wage rates by quantifying the chief similarities and differences between occupations ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . In the terminal. the occupation rating will categorise occupations harmonizing to their comparative worth in the company. The comparative worth of a occupation will be determined based upon compensation factors such as accomplishment. occupation responsibilities. and working conditions. Finally. occupation rating will vouch internal equity because the value of occupations will be determined based upon compensation factors ( Williams. 2012 ) . Describe the Challenges in Developing Compensations That are Both Internally Consistent and Market Competitive One challenge in making compensation systems that are internally consistent and market competitory trades with flexibleness. Internally consistent wage systems have the possible to diminish a company’s flexibleness to respond to alterations in the wage patterns of rivals because occupation analysis creates structured occupation descriptions and occupation constructions. Besides. occupation rating creates the comparative value of occupations within an organisation. Reacting to rivals may necessitate employees to execute undertakings that are non included in their occupation descriptions whenever competitory force per unit areas arise. This procedure makes equity assessments more hard because the definitions of occupations become more mutable ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Furthermore. some employees may resent being required to execute undertakings that are non in their occupation descriptions. These employees may believe that the employers are taking advantage of them because they are non being compensated for executing the excess occupation responsibilities. As a consequence. employees could go unmotivated to assist their employers compete against rivals. Another challenge in developing compensations that are both internally consistent and market competitory is the bureaucratism that consequences from the internally consistent compensation constructions. Organizations that develop occupation hierarchies have a inclination to make narrowly defined occupations. which consequences in larger figure of occupations and staffing degrees. This type of construction can put heavy compensation loads on companies. Heavy compensation loads can cut down net incomes for companies. which can impact whether companies use a market lead. market lucifer. or market slowdown policy for counterbalancing employees. Organizations that use the market lead policy counterbalance its employees more extremely than most of its rivals. Employees receive wage that is above the market wage line. Organizations that use the market lucifer policy compensate employees based upon the market wage rates. Employees will have wage on the market wage line. The market lead and market lucifer policies can assist companies pull and retain gifted employees ; therefore. the companies utilizing these policies can obtain competitory advantage in a extremely competitory concern environment by utilizing its gifted employees. Furthermore. organisations utilizing the market slowdown policy counterbalance its employees less than the bulk of its rivals. Employees receive wage below the market wage line ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Furthermore. a company should non be forced to take the market slowdown policy because of heavy compensation loads that could ensue from bureaucratism. Some companies may utilize the market slowdown policy as a cost nest eggs method to countervail heavy compensation loads. A market slowdown policy could forestall a company from pulling and retaining gifted employees. which could impact the fight of a company. Furthermore. a company could lose clients and net incomes if it does non hold the talented employees in topographic point to bring forth goods and services than can vie with the goods and services of rivals. Two Employees Perform the Same Job and Each Received Exemplary Performance Ratings. Discuss Whether it is Fair to Give One Employee a Smaller Percentage Merit Increase Because His Pay Falls Within the 3rd Quartile But Give a Larger Percentage Merit Increase to the Other Because His Pay Falls Within the 1st Quartile and Explain Why Supervisors use the virtue wage grid to denominate virtue additions to employees. A merit wage grid contains a wage scope for a wage class. The wage scope is divided into four quartiles. Employees with the lowest wages fall into quartile 1. The wages addition as the quartiles addition. Employees with the highest wages fall into quartile 4. Furthermore. the lower an employee’s wage falls within its designated wage grade the larger the per centum wage rise. For illustration. if two employees perform the same occupation and both employees receive first-class public presentation evaluations. the employee whose wage falls in quartile 3 will have a smaller per centum virtue addition than the employee whose wage falls in quartile 1. The employee whose wage is in quartile 3 may have a 7 % virtue addition for first-class occupation public presentation ; whereas. the employee whose wage is in quartile 1 may have a 12 % virtue addition for first-class occupation public presentation. Furthermore. utilizing the virtue wage grid may be logical but non just. It is logical because compensation professionals decrease merit wage addition percentages as quartile ranks increase to command employees’ promotion through their wage ranges. If employees in quartile 1 and quartile 3 were to have the same virtue wage addition per centum. the wage for the employee in quartile 3 more than probably would transcend the maximal wage rate for the scope quicker than would the wage for the employee in quartile 1 ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Furthermore. the virtue wage grid may be viewed as unjust because employees executing the same occupation and exposing the same sum of attempt and occupation public presentation are non having an equal per centum virtue addition. Employees may see this process as an unjust work pattern. Furthermore. the employees may believe that the company places more value on some employees’ occupation public presentation more so than on other employees’ occupation public presentation. Discuss the Basic Concept of Insurance and How This Concept Applies to Health Care The basic construct of insurance is to distribute hazards. Hazard does non intend that an unfavourable incident will happen but that there is a possibility of an unfavourable incident happening. All individuals have the hazard of enduring a major unwellness. Therefore. the whole construct of insurance when associating to wellness attention is that an person will be able to distribute his or her hazard among other people so that if an unfavourable incident occurs. he or she will non be overwhelmed because of high wellness attention costs ( Understand the Concept. 2012 ) . In the United States. wellness attention is classified as a multiple remunerator system. which means that multiple parties are held accountable for paying the costs of wellness attention. The multiple parties can include the authorities. employers. labour brotherhoods. employees. and unemployed persons ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Furthermore. insurance allows an single to pay a few hundred dollars a month in degree premium instead than holding to pay a $ 50. 000 surgery measure one time ( Understand the Concept. 2012 ) . Finally. health-related disbursals can go dearly-won ; therefore. it would be wise for persons to hold some signifier of insurance for wellness attention. Health insurance covers the costs of assorted services that promote sound mental and physical wellness such as physical test. surgical processs. and psychotherapeutics. Normally employers enter into contractual relationships with insurance companies to supply employees and perchance their dependants with wellness attention. Furthermore. the insurance policy or contractual relationship will stipulate the sum of money insurance companies will pay for health-related services such as physical test. Furthermore. employers pay insurance companies a negotiated sum or premium to make and prolong insurance policies ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Health insurance premiums are dearly-won. The mean monthly wellness insurance premium for an employee is $ 309. 03. The mean monthly wellness insurance premium for an employee and his or her household members is $ 708. 83. Numerous private sector companies make it compulsory that employees pay a part of wellness insurance premiums because of the high costs. Employees merely contributed a little per centum toward wellness insurance premiums in 2008. Furthermore. employees with individual coverage contributed about 19 % and employees with household coverage contributed about 29 % ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Except For the Family and Medical Leave Act. the Staying Legally Required Benefits Were Conceived Decades Ago. Describe the Changes in the Business Environment and Society That Might Affect the Relevance or Possibly the Viability of Any of These Benefits There are several lawfully required benefits in the United States. Legally required benefits are the benefits provided by the Social Security Act. which are retirement ; unemployment insurance ; old-age. subsister. and disablement insurance ; and Medicare. Other lawfully required benefits are workers’ compensation insurance and household medical leave. The United States authorities created lawfully required benefits to protect persons from black incidents such as unemployment and disablement. Legally needed benefits try to keep the flow of household income. advance worker safety and wellness. and assist households in critical state of affairss. Furthermore. supplying employees with lawfully required benefits can be dearly-won to companies. Present twenty-four hours. companies in the United States spend an mean $ 4. 400 for each employee annually to supply lawfully required benefits ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Finally. the consequence that lawfully required benefits have on costs and the fight of concerns could impact the sustainability of lawfully required benefits For legion old ages. there have been echt concerns that there will be deficiency of support to supply the lawfully needed benefits. particularly the societal security benefits. There are uninterrupted political arguments about how to safeguard the viability of societal security plans. President George W. Bush signed an executive order that established the new Presidential Commission to Strengthen Social Security. Politicians have debated the advantages and disadvantages of differing solutions to beef up the Social Security system. The disposal of George W. Bush focused on promoting revenue enhancement credits for individuals who save for retirement and advancing extra nest eggs through employer-sponsored retirement programs. Furthermore. the Democratic Party suggested heightening the revenue enhancement under the Federal Income Contributions Act to beef up the trust fund. However. concern leaders have opposed the suggestion of the Democratic Party. Business leaders. particularly little concern leaders are concerned that the addition in revenue enhancement will take down company net incomes ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . Legally needed benefits may impede concerns in the short term because these benefits require ample employer outgos. Employers are required to do parts that are mandated by the Social Security Act and several province workers’ compensation Torahs. These mandated disbursals prevent concerns from puting these financess in direct compensation plans designed to increase productiveness and merchandise or service quality ( Martocchio. 2011 ) . If the money for mandated disbursals could be used for compensation plans so the company could increase its fight. Furthermore. heightening productiveness. merchandises. and services can assist concerns go strong rivals against its rivals. Decision In decision. a occupation analysis will uncover compensation factors that will be used in the occupation rating to find the worth of occupations. Compensations that are both internally consistent and market competitory can impact a company’s flexibleness to react to alterations in the wage patterns of rivals. and companies have to cover with the heavy compensation burdens as a consequence of bureaucratism. Use of the virtue wage grid is logical but unjust. Insurance allows employees to portion the costs of wellness attention with multiple parties. The consequence that lawfully required benefits have on costs and the fight of companies could do companies to see the mandated benefits as burdensome. Finally. compensation will ever hold a critical function in the schemes of companies.

Earth Tides

A Complete Explanation of Land/Earth Tides Land tides, also called Earth tides, are very small deformations or movements in the Earths lithosphere (surface) caused by the gravitational fields of the sun and moon as the Earth rotates within their fields. Land tides are similar to ocean tides in how they are formed but they have very different impacts on the physical environment. Unlike ocean tides, land tides only change the Earths surface by around 12 inches (30 cm) or so twice a day. The movements caused by land tides are so small that most people are not even aware that they exist. They are very important to scientists like volcanologists and geologists however because it is believed that these small movements may be able to trigger volcanic eruptions. Causes of Land Tides Like ocean tides, the moon has the greatest effect on land tides because it is closer to the Earth than the sun. The sun does have an effect on land tides as well because of its very large size and strong gravitational field. As the Earth rotates around the sun and the moon each of their gravitational fields pull on the Earth. Because of this pull there are small deformations or bulges on the Earths surface or land tides. These bulges face the moon and the sun as the Earth rotates. Like ocean tides where water rises in some areas and it is also forced down in others, the same is true of land tides. Land tides are small though and the actual movement of the Earths surface is usually no greater than 12 inches (30 cm). Monitoring Land Tides Due to these cycles, it is relatively easy for scientists to monitor land tides. Geologists monitor the tides with seismometers, tiltmeters, and strainmeters. All of these instruments are tools that measure the motion of the ground but tiltmeters and strainmeters are capable of measuring slow ground movements. The measurements taken by these instruments are then transferred to a graph where scientists can view the distortion of the Earth. These graphs often look like undulating curves or bulges indicating the upward and downward movement of land tides. The Oklahoma Geological Surveys website provides an example of graphs created with measurements from a seismometer for an area near Leonard, Oklahoma. The graphs show smooth undulations indicating small distortions in the Earths surface. Like ocean tides, the largest distortions for land tides appears to be when there is a new or full moon because this is when the sun and moon are aligned and the lunar and solar distortions combine. Importance of Land Tides In addition to using land tides to test their equipment, scientists are interested in studying their effect on volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. They have found that although the forces causing land tides and the deformations in the Earths surface are very small they do have the power to trigger geologic events because they are causing changes in the Earths surface. Scientists have not yet found any correlations between land tides and earthquakes but they have found a relationship between the tides and volcanic eruptions because of the movement of magma or molten rock inside volcanoes (USGS). To view an in-depth discussion about land tides, read D.C. Agnews 2007 article, Earth Tides.

Descriptive Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descriptive Report - Essay Example Texas State Fair is a festive event that presents colors, forms, foods and many entertainments drawing people to visit the place, from children to adults. It is a busy place where everyone has somewhere else to go and something else to do, making people busy as they stay and enjoy the warmth and joy of the festivity. As people have different interests, the fair offers a wide variety of fascinating events to attract people from all walks of life. However, the greatest and perhaps the most-loved and most visited is the food offered in the fair. There are a lot of experimental victuals, unique, exquisite and creative although most of them are not healthy because of they are served with so much grease. Deep fried Oreo cookies, deep fried peanut butter, deep fried Twinkies, deep fried pork ribs, fried cheese cake and deep fried butter are just some among the cholesterol-filled foods available at the fair. The most recent introduced deep fried food is the deep fried beer by chef Mark Zable which attracted many curious spectators to try it, and it won the creator the ‘most creative’ award for the fair in 2010. This sort of tease keeps the people curious, wondering and expecting more from what is offered at the fair. As this year’s Texas State Fair nears, it is becoming a buzz and everyone is really getting excited to see the opening of the most awaited event in Dallas. Businessmen flock to this prestigious event and take part in sponsoring the affair and advertising their company and products. Competitors for the different categories surely have been busy preparing for the fair, expecting something good to come out from this year’s State Fair. One of the attractions that welcomes audiences to the fair is Big Tex, a tall cowboy mascot symbolizing the event, having a hinged jaw making him appear to be the one speaking as the activities are announced. He is clothed with the red, white and blue colors of the flag and has a single star

Teachers' Views of The Impact of Instruction in the Inclusion Model Dissertation - 1

Teachers' Views of The Impact of Instruction in the Inclusion Model for students with Learning Disabilities - Dissertation Example It was only in the 1960s that a group of researchers conducted various, extensive studies into the subject of LDs and brought the view that children with LDs could not be termed as handicapped (mentally or physically); but they merely formed a deviation in the learning processes of an individual. With this concept came the theory of inclusive studies, where the children with LDs were put into general classrooms, albeit with some restrictions. Now in the twenty-first century, various experts have come forward with the view of total inclusion, where there would exist no differences between the students (with or without LDs). However, many educators have expressed serious reservations about this process of full inclusion, and they feel that special needs children should be segregated and taught only under the supervision of a special educator. My article will take an in-depth look at the term learning disabilities, while exploring the various perspectives as noticed within the general e ducators, in regards to students with LDs and the full-inclusive educational process. The research has been conducted with the express aim of developing a better understanding of the general educators' perception of children with LD in an inclusive environment, their perception of efficacy in relation to their training, and their perception of the support that they receive in educating these students. Teachers’ Views on The Impact of Instruction within  The Inclusion Model for Students with Learning Disabilities by PhilipThompson Ed.D,Walden University, 2011 Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Philip Thompson Walden University August 2011 Acknowledgments This is an optional page for acknowledgments. It is a nice place to thank the faculty, family members, and friends who have helped you reach this point in your academic career. No page number appears on any of the pages up to this point. If you do not wish to i nclude this page, delete the heading and the body text; if a blank page remains, delete the page break above but leave the section break that you see below this text. Table of Contents List of Tables ii List of Figures iii Section 1: Introduction to the Study 4 Introduction 4 Backgroun 5 17 Use this table of contents (TOC) as an example of what one looks like. When it comes time for creating your own TOC, RIGHT CLICK anywhere in the Table of Contents, select UPDATE FIELD, then select UPDATE ENTIRE TABLE or UPDATE PAGE NUMBERS ONLY, and click OK. The table of contents will be generated using the style tags from the template; you will also be able to automatically update the TOC, both added headings and page numbers. List of Tables When you update the list of tables, the table number and title will come in without a period between them; you will need to manually add that period after all table numbers, as shown for Table 1. In addition, the title will retain the italics from the narra tive when the List of Tables is updated. Once your list is finalized, select the entire list and change it all plain type. List of Figures Figure 1. Figure caption goes here xx The List of Figures is not set up to automatically update. If you have figures in your document, type them in manually here, following the example above. Section 1: Introduction to the Study Introduction The concept of inclusive teaching practices for students with learning disabilities (LDs) is relatively new in the education,

Career Development Plan Part Iv - Compensation Essay Example for Free

Career Development Plan Part Iv Compensation Essay Now that we have structured our new team, identified their roles, identified ways to manage their performance and created an appraisal system we are now proposing a new compensation plan. This part will outline the plan, describe how it will help motivate employee performance, describe our total rewards program and outline how this program will benefit the individual and InterClean. Account Executive Financial Compensation Plan Compensation structures can be broken down into two distinct categories, financial and non-financial (Cascio, 2006). This section overviews the financial compensation plan for account executives, which includes pay and benefits. Account executive pay will be primarily commission based. Each account executive will receive a base salary at minimum wage, with the rest of their salary coming from commission. We feel that a generous commission structure will motivate performance because pay will have a direct correlation with sales volume. We structured our proposed commission plan to reflect InterClean new strategic direction (University of Phoenix, 2007), and how employees are rated in their quarterly appraisal. This means a focus on retention, up-selling and volume. Account executives will receive 8% commission on sales for the first six-months of revenue. 10% commission on sales after six-months of continuous revenue. 13% commission on sales after one-year of continuous revenue. 13% commission on up-sells and account executives that meet their quarterly sales volume will also receive a bonus equaling 3% of total revenue earned. New Business Account Executive, The New Business Account Executive has different goals, and therefore a different pay scale will apply. He or she will receive a base salary of $30,000 per year, plus a 3% quarterly commission on revenues earned from the accounts he or she acquired. We feel that this structure will adequately reflect the difference between new account acquisition and account retention. Cumulatively, the maximum amount of commission paid on revenues to account executives would be 19%. In related to the benefits Account Executives will receive the standard benefits due to all InterClean employees, including; †¢ Health Insurance with employee share of cost †¢ 401k match 14 days paid vacation †¢ 6 days sick time †¢ Health, Financial, Stress and Motivational Counseling through our employee wellness program. Managerial Financial Compensation Plan The managerial financial compensation plan will focus on overall team performance. We feel that creating a plan that rewards managers for team performance helps ensure management’s focus on creating a strong team that meets financial objec tives. Managers will receive a base salary dependent on their pay grade, ranging from $50,000 annual for the solution expert and $65,000 annually for the sales manager. The rest of their salary will be based on team performance as 3% commission on total revenues per quarter of all account executives that have met his or her goal, and 2% on total revenues per quarter if all account executives meet their goals. We feel that paying based on meeting objectives, and sharing in total revenues accomplishes two important things such as rewards managers who ensure account executives meet their goals by providing the tools and support they need. And it encourages over-achieving by not setting a limit on revenue sharing. In terms of the benefits, managerial employees share in the aforementioned benefits, and are given one additional week of paid vacation (five days) per year. As mentioned, compensation does not only include financial compensation; there are certain non-financial rewards that motivate employee performance, increase loyalty and decrease turnover. The following non-financial rewards were chosen based on a survey conducted in the United Kingdom (Employee Benefits, 2006) as additional â€Å"perks† for employees. Sales Employees, All sales employees are eligible the following reward package flexible working arrangements. Employees can work at home when appropriate on dates arranged between them and their manager. Flexible work time is the top-rated non-financial reward in the UK survey (Employee Benefits, 2006) and offering such an arrangement can increase productivity by diminishing stress caused by work-life conflicts. And corporate gym membership also ranked high on the survey, and using our corporate pull to offer a free membership not only encourages wellness, but exercise has countless benefits such as stress relief, increased creativity, and energy. Also, we will include employee discount at restaurants. Using the promise of higher volume by internally promoting local restaurants to our employees, HR has arranged for employee discounts at local restaurants. This benefit decreases the costs of lunch for our employees and gives them another reason to value InterClean. Managerial Rewards, The following rewards are available to managers in addition to the preceding rewards available to all employees such as use of company vehicle: Surprisingly, the UK survey listed â€Å"sports car as company vehicle† as the number one â€Å"benefit they don’t receive but wish they had† (Employee Benefits, 2006, para4. . Company gas card, not only should our sales manager ride in prestige, but we understand that the majority of driving they do benefits our company, so they also have use of our company gas card. The compensation and rewards system outlined in this plan are geared to motivate performance by tying pay directly to the revenue gained for InterClean. Our new strategy of fo cusing on solution-based selling (University of Phoenix, 2007) means we must grow retention, up selling, and total volume. This plan rewards all three by reducing the base pay of account executives, increasing commission and tiering commission based on retention and up selling. We reward achievers and not low-performers. Tying managerial pay directly to the performance of the team rewards good managers (Vigoda-Gadot Angert, 2007. ) Finally, offering a substantial but not overly high base pay takes into account fluctuating economic and environmental constraints. Offering bonuses quarterly rather than annual avoids penalizing employees for one bad quarter, which can happen to even the best sales person. Finally, our reward system is built to make InterClean a great place to work, that values the employees well-being and offers perks as part of the job. Offering this reward system can help InterClean retain the best possible account executives and managers (Cascio, 2006). Because we offer competitive pay and creative rewards that ease the work-life conundrum, and add a certain level of prestige to those who work for InterClean.

Endangered Species Essay -- science

Endangered Species Endangered species are living things whose population is so reduced that they are threatened with extinction. Thousands of species are included in this category. The International Union for the Conservation of nature and Natural Resources publishes a list of threatened mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and (many people donÕt consider them) plants. CAUSES OF EXTINCTION Millions of years before humans, extinction of living things was linked to geological and climate, the effects of which were translated into major alternation of the environment. Environmental change is still the primary cause of the extinction of animals, but now the changes are greatly accelerated by humans activity. Clearing land for farms and towns, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands all alter the environments so extensively that ecosystems may be completely destroyed. With a burgeoning human population requiring food, shelter, and clothing and constantly demanding more energy-using devices, the temperation to exploit land for human use without regard for consequences is great. Frequently, several forms of environmental change are responsible for the disappearance of species. For example, as tropical forests are cut down, primates have progressively smaller feeding and living spaces. They also become more accessible to hunters, who kill monkeys for food and trap many primates for sale as pets, research animals, and zoo specimens. Some animal species ...

Principles of personal devlpment Essay

Data protection act Freedom of information act 1995 Aii) Human rights act Disability discrimination act 1995 Aiii) Human rights act Control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 Aiv) Care standards act 2000 Code of practice Av) Safeguarding vulnerable adults groups act 2006 Policies and procedures Avi) A PDP is a personal development plan and is done between you and your manager. They will record all information about your learning and development needs in work. Things like targets, agreed objectives and activities to meet them and standards that are required. These all build your own appraisal. Avii) Carers, members of staff that work with you. The individuals you care for and their family Supervisor, manager. Task B Case study Bi) Jenna must make sure that she respects other people’s beliefs even though they may be different to her own. She must go about this in a non-judgmental way. She should also read through people’s care plans to gain better knowledge of them and their needs. I also think Jenna should put her own beliefs to one side and then discuss with her boss any issues she may have. It is essential for carers to respect each and every individual as an individual, not letting anything affect this. Maybe she should also look back on how she has spoken to the service user and make sure she doesn’t come across as rude or nasty in the future. Bii) It is very important to reflect on your work activities as it’s a very good way to develop skills and make sure you understand everything. It will also give you chance to plan how you are going to behave if the situation happens again. You can make changes and improve the way you work, it is also very important to reflect on your own behaviour and see how it affects others. During these reflections it’s a very good time to find the help and support you may need to better the way you work. E. g. training sessions. When working in care it is important that you learn to think about your own practice in a constructive way. Reflection and evaluation should not undermine your confidence but you should use them in a constructive way to identify areas for improvement. Ci) Moving and handling course – training session Knowing how to safely move a resident e. g. hoist. Skills – risk assessment is needed for each person, which sling is safe etc. do they need a hoist. We need to know the risks because if the manoeuvre is not completed properly this can cause falls and accidents. Cii) During my senior training I received feedback during my senior training, on how to do peg feeds safely and effectively. My first time, I didn’t happen to flush enough water, so my assessor informed me of this, which then improved my skill as a senior to do my job role properly. I then had then knowledge and skills to improve my work role.

Conflict Process Analysis

My thesis is a story of a dispute about a mobile phone and phone expenses between Telecommunication (a Chinese mobile telephone operation company) and me. I will use some organizational conflict theories, several types of conflicts and methods to handle with them to finish my dissertation. Telecommunication offered considerable discounts, while the rules were harsh. Staffs did not know the specific regulations, and I lost the best opportunity to undo the damage. The conflict occurred because of those things.Finally we overcame these obstacles with a good alternative. Handing with mobile phone affairs is close to our daily life. Moreover, it includes interest between the customer, Telecommunication and its staffs. My counterparts and I were strangers originally. Then we became game rivals through the event, and after that we became friends. Describe the situation of this dispute, the analysis of the situation and evaluations for Telecommunications are integral to my paper. Description of the Situation The owner of a branch of B & you, Flavor, two staffs, Julie and Sophie were involved in the conflict.Flavor is the boss of Julie and Sophie, and I was their customer. In August 2010, I got an admission to the university. Meanwhile, I received two discount coupons from Telecommunication (for you easy to understand, I use the B &you replacing the Telecommunication, and Flake and Julie replacing the owner's and the staffs original names). At the end of August, I went to university and went to B , planning to use the two discount coupons. One of them is for a new smart phone with which I can use it as 1700 RMI cash, and another one is for phone expenses with which I can use it as RHOMB.Julie, as a staff off branch of B (as most of TTS colleagues, she has a high quit rate because of low salary), told me that, with the voucher 1700 RMI, I could only pay 800 RMI and got a brand new Samsung phone whose price Is RHOMB. In addition, the voucher RHOMB can be sent to my phone account Into 24 months, 37. 5 RMI per month. This means that If I choose 68 ARM'S package (including mobile phone calls, text messaging, Internet), I can only pay 68 mines 37. Arm's part, which is 30. 5 RMI. Meanwhile, the contracts of the smart phone and the package were for two years.I had four years of college life. Obviously, this combination was very worthwhile. I signed a contract, paid REARMS in cash, got the phone. In the end of August, I had missed a strange call, and I did not put that In mind. On September 2nd, Julie called me to Inform me to go to B with my mobile phone. Intuition told me that something wrong happened, so I came to B with my phone and the contract. Julie told me B requested the customers to buy a mobile with the voucher in your hometown-City Changes, and to use the phone expenses voucher in your university city- Nanjing.I didn't meet the requests simultaneously, so I have to give up one discount. Due to the mobile phone cannot to e back, so I have to pay the whole package fee 68 RMI without any discount. That telecommunication company. And the regulation was too sudden for me to accept it. There was no such rule cited on our contract. Because it involves the interests of the owner of B &you branch, Flavor, she also came forward. She gave rise to the conflict. I asked to cancel the contract, however, Julie explained it was impossible. Because all the data about me has been uploaded to corporation, and the contract has been activated.She added that on the last day of August, she tried to inform about it and anted to ask me if I accept it or not, but the call was not connected. We cannot comprise with each other. Flavor insisted the contract can not be cancelled. If it was cancelled, she had to compensate for this phone (this phone belonged to B &you company). At the same time, I cannot accept the full price of the bill. For a student, 68 RMI per month was expensive. And B &you are not the most popular mobile companies. My friends tend to use Orange, whose services are better.If there had not been two vouchers, I would have not considered to use B &you. From my point of view, there are three reasons contributed to the conflict. The rules of you were harsh. Staffs do not know the specific regulations. And I lost the best opportunity to undo the damage. Julie would view the event as a big mistake, complaining about the complex rules of company. Flavor would regard the conflict as a loss in business. Apparently, the main issue was that we should we cancel the contract which the company added some rules in or not. Who should be the compromiser?The situation was deadlocked. Clerk Julie distressed. She did several things wrong. Firstly, she was not familiar with the company policy, not following the company's rules. Secondly, she id not contact me successfully at the critical moment when we can limit the damage. 1700 Arm's damage was almost half a month of her salary. I could see that she wanted to escape from the situation. Flavor did not understand the actual regulations, and she asked me blindly to compromise to reduce her loss, regardless of our contract. My feelings were angry and frustrated.At that time, another staff Sophie came over. She came up with a solution. She provided a very favorable B &you card, only 20 RMI per month, including telephone calls, text messaging, Internet. If I use this card, I still continue to use the B &you hone and SIMI card, and reach a two-year contract period. Meanwhile, owner Flavor losses can be minimized, because I follow the regulations, I only use the phone vouchers and do not cancel the contract. We have come to an agreement. After several hours' debate, we agreed with Sophie's proposal to resolve the conflict.Flavor, Julie, Sophie and I became friend from then on. We chat happily when I go to B &you branch for doing cellophane's affairs. I was lack of experience at that time, but I should say to myself for sticking to it and not compromising easily Just because the rival was a competitor. Analyzing the situation Obviously, the whole matter was an organizational conflict rather than an interpersonal conflict , as it focused on the matter itself than the relationships between the staffs and me. When Sophie supplied her free phone card, the entire conflict entered a controlled phase.If we did not enter the controlled phase, we would fail to reach any consensus. The owner may be forced to take the phone out of me, and my friend and I may be fight for it. Flavor has run a B shop at my university for almost five years, enjoying a certain reputation. She cannot make things wrong as a businesswoman, continuously asked us to comprise. , as a student, would not be allowed to use violence to resolve this conflict. The relationship between the owner and the customer restricted the conflict, and a good proposal ended the dispute. We all wanted to solve this conflict, because we were all stakeholders.In fact, there is no right or wrong in this conflict, and it is B complicated rules that resulted to the conflict. Flavor, Julie and I wanted to minimize our own losses. Flavor did not understand the actual regulations, and she asked me blindly compromise to reduce her loss, and regardless of our contract expressly provided. Apparently, she an be defined to be a competitive negotiator. Flavor only believed in something specific and credible, for instance, her less cost about the phone. So she adopted Sophie' proposal, it cost her little. Obviously, Julies response to the dispute can be defined as an avoiding approach.The avoiding approach (uncooperative, unassertive) neglects the interests of both parties by sidestepping the conflict or postponing a solutions. She was under great pressure. When conflict happened. Her body appeared compressive reaction, accelerating the secretion of adrenaline, showing rapid breath and a flushed face. She had a tendency to break down. Such reactions were bound to damage her health. When conflict was resolved, we were very satisfied. Apparently, Flavor, Julie and I will be the first three persons who observed the conflict resolved.At the time, the other staffs would notice that. This matter would bring to our friends and family later. In this conflict, no one will benefit from our conflict unresolved, so no one would want to keep the conflict. Finally, our outcomes were good. We did not lose a cellophane or paying high-priced charges. We minimized our lost and maintained a very good staff-customers relationship. Julie embedded this fault and spent more time in learning company's rules. Wrong interpretation of company policy caused this conflict between shopkeepers and the customer. Roles determine the ideas and behavior.We all tend to meet our own personal goals, as an assertiveness rather than cooperativeness when faced with the conflict. There is some potential opposition between us. They are businesswomen, paying attention to their profits and reputation, and I am a student, trying to get more discount. When conflict happened, we tend to a win- lose situation. Sophie was a mediator. Bonuses for collaboration reduced the conflicts. With her help, the estimation became an integrative bargaining rather than a distributive bargaining. We accepted the new proposal and created a win-win situation.It seems that providing a less expensive SIMI card was the best alternative to a negotiated agreement. To be honest, without the help of Sophie, I had no better way to resolve this matter. Such weakness will only make the problem deadlocked. Maybe I will consult the teacher or my parents to see if they have any good way. Recommendations The conflict was all about an up-to-dated contract should be canceled or not, including the shopkeeper Flavor, the staff Julie and the customer me' s interests. We signed a contract about two discount coupons at first. Then B & you added some harsh rules about it.

Bertrand Russells Classic Essay in Praise of Idleness

Bertrand Russell's Classic Essay in Praise of Idleness Noted mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell tried to apply the clarity he admired in mathematical reasoning to the solution of problems in other fields, in particular ethics and politics. In this essay, first published in 1932, Russell argues in favor of a four-hour working day. Consider whether his arguments for laziness deserve serious consideration today. In Praise of Idleness by Bertrand Russell Like most of my generation, I was brought up on the saying: Satan finds some mischief for idle hands to do. Being a highly virtuous child, I believed all that I was told, and acquired a conscience which has kept me working hard down to the present moment. But although my conscience has controlled my actions, my opinions have undergone a revolution. I think that there is far too much work done in the world, that immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous, and that what needs to be preached in modern industrial countries is quite different from what always has been preached. Everyone knows the story of the traveler in Naples who saw twelve beggars lying in the sun (it was before the days of Mussolini), and offered a lira to the laziest of them. Eleven of them jumped up to claim it, so he gave it to the twelfth. this traveler was on the right lines. But in countries which do not enjoy Mediterranean sunshine idleness is more difficult, and a great public propaganda will b e required to inaugurate it. I hope that, after reading the following pages, the leaders of the YMCA will start a campaign to induce good young men to do nothing. If so, I shall not have lived in vain. Before advancing my own arguments for laziness, I must dispose of one which I cannot accept. Whenever a person who already has enough to live on proposes to engage in some everyday kind of job, such as school-teaching or typing, he or she is told that such conduct takes the bread out of other peoples mouths, and is therefore wicked. If this argument were valid, it would only be necessary for us all to be idle in order that we should all have our mouths full of bread. What people who say such things forget is that what a man earns he usually spends, and in spending he gives employment. As long as a man spends his income, he puts just as much bread into peoples mouths in spending as he takes out of other peoples mouths in earning. The real villain, from this point of view, is the man who saves. If he merely puts his savings in a stocking, like the proverbial French peasant, it is obvious that they do not give employment. If he invests his savings, the matter is less obvious, and differ ent cases arise. One of the commonest things to do with savings is to lend them to some Government. In view of the fact that the bulk of the public expenditure of most civilized Governments consists in payment for past wars or preparation for future wars, the man who lends his money to a Government is in the same position as the bad men in Shakespeare who hire murderers. The net result of the mans economical habits is to increase the armed forces of the State to which he lends his savings. Obviously it would be better if he spent the money, even if he spent it in drink or gambling. But, I shall be told, the case is quite different when savings are invested in industrial enterprises. When such enterprises succeed, and produce something useful, this may be conceded. In these days, however, no one will deny that most enterprises fail. That means that a large amount of human labor, which might have been devoted to producing something that could be enjoyed, was expended on producing machines which, when produced, lay idle and did no good to anyone. The man who invests his savings in a concern that goes bankrupt is therefore injuring others as well as himself. If he spent his money, say, in giving parties for his friends, they (we may hope) would get pleasure, and so would all those upon whom he spent money, such as the butcher, the baker, and the bootlegger. But if he spends it (let us say) upon laying down rails for surface card in some place where surface cars turn out not to be wanted, he has diverted a mass of labor into channels where it gives pleasure to no on e. Nevertheless, when he becomes poor through failure of his investment he will be regarded as a victim of undeserved misfortune, whereas the gay spendthrift, who has spent his money philanthropically, will be despised as a fool and a frivolous person. All this is only preliminary. I want to say, in all seriousness, that a great deal of harm is being done in the modern world by belief in the virtuousness of work, and that the road to happiness and prosperity lies in an organized diminution of work. First of all: what is work? Work is of two kinds: first, altering the position of matter at or near the earths surface relatively to other such matter; second, telling other people to do so. The first kind is unpleasant and ill paid; the second is pleasant and highly paid. The second kind is capable of indefinite extension: there are not only those who give orders, but those who give advice as to what orders should be given. Usually two opposite kinds of advice are given simultaneously by two organized bodies of men; this is called politics. The skill required for this kind of work is not knowledge of the subjects as to which advice is given, but knowledge of the art of persuasive speaking and writing, i.e. of advertising. Throughout Europe, though not in America, there is a third class of men, more respected than either of the classes of workers. There are men who, through ownership of land, are able to make others pay for the privilege of being allowed to exist and to work. These landowners are idle, and I might therefore be expected to praise them. Unfortunately, their idleness is only rendered possible by the industry of others; indeed their desire for comfortable idleness is historically the source of the whole gospel of work. The last thing they have ever wished is that others should follow their example. (Continued on page two) Continued from page oneFrom the beginning of civilization until the Industrial Revolution, a man could, as a rule, produce by hard work little more than was required for the subsistence of himself and his family, although his wife worked at least as hard as he did, and his children added their labor as soon as they were old enough to do so. The small surplus above bare necessaries was not left to those who produced it, but was appropriated by warriors and priests. In times of famine there was no surplus; the warriors and priests, however, still secured as much as at other times, with the result that many of the workers died of hunger. This system persisted in Russia until 1917 [1], and still persists in the East; in England, in spite of the Industrial Revolution, it remained in full force throughout the Napoleonic wars, and until a hundred years ago, when the new class of manufacturers acquired power. In America, the system came to an end with the Revolution, except in the South, whe re it persisted until the Civil War. A system which lasted so long and ended so recently has naturally left a profound impress upon mens thoughts and opinions. Much that we take for granted about the desirability of work is derived from this system, and, being pre-industrial, is not adapted to the modern world. Modern technique has made it possible for leisure, within limits, to be not the prerogative of small privileged classes, but a right evenly distributed throughout the community. The morality of work is the morality of slaves, and the modern world has no need of slavery. It is obvious that, in primitive communities, peasants, left to themselves, would not have parted with the slender surplus upon which the warriors and priests subsisted, but would have either produced less or consumed more. At first, sheer force compelled them to produce and part with the surplus. Gradually, however, it was found possible to induce many of them to accept an ethic according to which it was their duty to work hard, although part of their work went to support others in idleness. By this means the amount of compulsion required was lessened, and the expenses of government were diminished. To this day, 99 per cent of British wage-earners would be genuinely shocked if it were proposed that the King should not have a larger income than a working man. The conception of duty, speaking historically, has been a means used by the holders of power to induce others to live for the interests of their masters rather than for their own. Of course the holders of power conceal this fact from themselves by managing to believe that their interests are identical with the larger interests of humanity. Sometimes this is true; Athenian slave-owners, for instance, employed part of their leisure in making a permanent contribution to civilization which would have been impossible under a just economic system. Leisure is essential to civilization, and in former times leisure for the few was only rendered possible by the labors of the many. But their labors were valuable, not because work is good, but because leisure is good. And with modern technique it would be possible to distribute leisure justly without injury to civilization. Modern technique has made it possible to diminish enormously the amount of labor required to secure the necessaries of life for everyone. This was made obvious during the war. At that time all the men in the armed forces, and all the men and women engaged in the production of munitions, all the men and women engaged in spying, war propaganda, or Government offices connected with the war, were withdrawn from productive occupations. In spite of this, the general level of well-being among unskilled wage-earners on the side of the Allies was higher than before or since. The significance of this fact was concealed by finance: borrowing made it appear as if the future was nourishing the present. But that, of course, would have been impossible; a man cannot eat a loaf of bread that does not yet exist. The war showed conclusively that, by the scientific organization of production, it is possible to keep modern populations in fair comfort on a small part of the working capacity of the modern world. If, at the end of the war, the scientific organization, which had been created in order to liberate men for fighting and munition work, had been preserved, and the hours of the week had been cut down to four, all would have been well. Instead of that the old chaos was restored, those whose work was demanded were made to work long hours, and the rest were left to starve as unemployed. Why? Because work is a duty, and a man should not receive wages in proportion to what he has produced, but in proportion to his virtue as exemplified by his industry. This is the morality of the Slave State, applied in circumstances totally unlike those in which it arose. No wonder the result has been disastrous. Let us take an illustration. Suppose that, at a given moment, a certain number of people are engaged in the manufacture of pins. They make as many pins as the world needs, working (say) eight hours a day. Someone makes an invention by which the same number of men can make twice as many pins: pins are already so cheap that hardly any more will be bought at a lower price. In a sensible world, everybody concerned in the manufacturing of pins would take to working four hours instead of eight, and everything else would go on as before. But in the actual world this would be thought demoralizing. The men still work eight hours, there are too many pins, some employers go bankrupt, and half the men previously concerned in making pins are thrown out of work. There is, in the end, just as much leisure as on the other plan, but half the men are total ly idle while half are still overworked. In this way, it is insured that the unavoidable leisure shall cause misery all round instead of being a universal source of happiness. Can anything more insane be imagined? (Continued on page three) Continued from page twoThe idea that the poor should have leisure has always been shocking to the rich. In England, in the early nineteenth century, fifteen hours was the ordinary days work for a man; children sometimes did as much, and very commonly did twelve hours a day. When meddlesome busybodies suggested that perhaps these hours were rather long, they were told that work kept adults from drink and children from mischief. When I was a child, shortly after urban working men had acquired the vote, certain public holidays were established by law, to the great indignation of the upper classes. I remember hearing an old Duchess say: What do the poor want with holidays? They ought to work. People nowadays are less frank, but the sentiment persists, and is the source of much of our economic confusion. Let us, for a moment, consider the ethics of work frankly, without superstition. Every human being, of necessity, consumes, in the course of his life, a certain amount of the produce of human labor. Assuming, as we may, that labor is on the whole disagreeable, it is unjust that a man should consume more than he produces. Of course he may provide services rather than commodities, like a medical man, for example; but he should provide something in return for his board and lodging. to this extent, the duty of work must be admitted, but to this extent only. I shall not dwell upon the fact that, in all modern societies outside the USSR, many people escape even this minimum amount of work, namely all those who inherit money and all those who marry money. I do not think the fact that these people are allowed to be idle is nearly so harmful as the fact that wage-earners are expected to overwork or starve. If the ordinary wage-earner worked four hours a day, there would be enough for everybody and no unemployment- assuming a certain very moderate amount of sensible organization. This idea shocks the well-to-do, because they are convinced that the poor would not know how to use so much leisure. In America men often work long hours even when they are well off; such men, naturally, are indignant at the idea of leisure for wage-earners, except as the grim punishment of unemployment; in fact, they dislike leisure even for their sons. Oddly enough, while they wish their sons to work so hard as to have no time to be civilized, they do not mind their wives and daughters having no work at all. The snobbish admiration of uselessness, which, in an aristocratic society, extends to both sexes, is, under a plutocracy, confined to women; this, however, does not make it any more in agreement with common sense. The wise use of leisure, it must be conceded, is a product of civilization and education. A man who has worked long hours all his life will become bored if he becomes suddenly idle. But without a considerable amount of leisure a man is cut off from many of the best things. There is no longer any reason why the bulk of the population should suffer this deprivation; only a foolish asceticism, usually vicarious, makes us continue to insist on work in excessive quantities now that the need no longer exists. In the new creed which controls the government of Russia, while there is much that is very different from the traditional teaching of the West, there are some things that are quite unchanged. The attitude of the governing classes, and especially of those who conduct educational propaganda, on the subject of the dignity of labor, is almost exactly that which the governing classes of the world have always preached to what were called the honest poor. Industry, sobriety, willingness to work long hours for distant advantages, even submissiveness to authority, all these reappear; moreover authority still represents the will of the Ruler of the Universe, Who, however, is now called by a new name, Dialectical Materialism. The victory of the proletariat in Russia has some points in common with the victory of the feminists in some other countries. For ages, men had conceded the superior saintliness of women, and had consoled women for their inferiority by maintaining that saintliness is more desirable than power. At last the feminists decided that they would have both, since the pioneers among them believed all that the men had told them about the desirability of virtue, but not what they had told them about the worthlessness of political power. A similar thing has happened in Russia as regards manual work. For ages, the rich and their sycophants have written in praise of honest toil, have praised the simple life, have professed a religion which teaches that the poor are much more likely to go to heaven than the rich, and in general have tried to make manual workers believe that there is some special nobility about altering the position of matter in space, just as men tried to make women believe that th ey derived some special nobility from their sexual enslavement. In Russia, all this teaching about the excellence of manual work has been taken seriously, with the result that the manual worker is more honored than anyone else. What are, in essence, revivalist appeals are made, but not for the old purposes: they are made to secure shock workers for special tasks. Manual work is the ideal which is held before the young, and is the basis of all ethical teaching. (Continued on page four) Continued from page threeFor the present, possibly, this is all to the good. A large country, full of natural resources, awaits development, and has has to be developed with very little use of credit. In these circumstances, hard work is necessary, and is likely to bring a great reward. But what will happen when the point has been reached where everybody could be comfortable without working long hours? In the West, we have various ways of dealing with this problem. We have no attempt at economic justice, so that a large proportion of the total produce goes to a small minority of the population, many of whom do no work at all. Owing to the absence of any central control over production, we produce hosts of things that are not wanted. We keep a large percentage of the working population idle, because we can dispense with their labor by making the others overwork. When all these methods prove inadequate, we have a war: we cause a number of people to manufacture high explosives, and a number of others to explode them, as if we were children who had just discovered fireworks. By a combination of all these devices we manage, though with difficulty, to keep alive the notion that a great deal of severe manual work must be the lot of the average man. In Russia, owing to more economic justice and central control over production, the problem will have to be differently solved. The rational solution would be, as soon as the necessaries and elementary comforts can be provided for all, to reduce the hours of labor gradually, allowing a popular vote to decide, at each stage, whether more leisure or more goods were to be preferred. But, having taught the supreme virtue of hard work, it is difficult to see how the authorities can aim at a paradise in which there will be much leisure and little work. It seems more likely that they will find continually fresh schemes, by which present leisure is to be sacrificed to future productivity. I read recently of an ingenious plan put forward by Russian engineers, for making the White Sea and the northern coasts of Siberia warm, by putting a dam across the Kara Sea. An admirable project, but liable to postpone proletarian comfort for a generation, while the nobility of toil is being displayed amid the ice-fields and snowstorms of the Arctic Ocean. This sort of thing, if it happens, will be the result of regarding the virtue of hard work as an end in itself, rather than as a means to a state of affairs in which it is no longer needed. The fact is that moving matter about, while a certain amount of it is necessary to our existence, is emphatically not one of the ends of human life. If it were, we should have to consider every navvy superior to Shakespeare. We have been misled in this matter by two causes. One is the necessity of keeping the poor contented, which has led the rich, for thousands of years, to preach the dignity of labor, while taking care themselves to remain undignified in this respect. The other is the new pleasure in mechanism, which makes us delight in the astonishingly clever changes that we can produce on the earths surface. Neither of these motives makes any great appeal to the actual worker. If you ask him what he thinks the best part of his life, he is not likely to say: I enjoy manual work because it makes me feel that I am fulfilling mans noblest task, and because I like to think how much man can transform his planet. It is true that my body demands periods of rest, which I have to fill in as best I may, but I am never so happy as when the morning comes and I can return to the toil from which my contentment springs. I have never heard working men say this sort of thing. They consider work, as it should be considered, a necessary means to a livelihood, and it is from their leisure that they derive whatever happiness they may enjoy. It will be said that, while a little leisure is pleasant, men would not know how to fill their days if they had only four hours of work out of the twenty-four. In so far as this is true in the modern world, it is a condemnation of our civilization; it would not have been true at any earlier period. There was formerly a capacity for light-heartedness and play which has been to some extent inhibited by the cult of efficiency. The modern man thinks that everything ought to be done for the sake of something else, and never for its own sake. Serious-minded persons, for example, are continually condemning the habit of going to the cinema, and telling us that it leads the young into crime. But all the work that goes to producing a cinema is respectable, because it is work, and because it brings a money profit. The notion that the desirable activities are those that bring a profit has made everything topsy-turvy. The butcher who provides you with meat and the baker who provides you with brea d are praiseworthy, because they are making money; but when you enjoy the food they have provided, you are merely frivolous, unless you eat only to get strength for your work. Broadly speaking, it is held that getting money is good and spending money is bad. Seeing that they are two sides of one transaction, this is absurd; one might as well maintain that keys are good, but keyholes are bad. Whatever merit there may be in the production of goods must be entirely derivative from the advantage to be obtained by consuming them. The individual, in our society, works for profit; but the social purpose of his work lies in the consumption of what he produces. It is this divorce between the individual and the social purpose of production that makes it so difficult for men to think clearly in a world in which profit-making is the incentive to industry. We think too much of production, and too little of consumption. One result is that we attach too little importance to enjoyment and simple happiness, and that we do not judge production by the pleasure that it gives to the consumer. Concluded on page five Continued from page fourWhen I suggest that working hours should be reduced to four, I am not meaning to imply that all the remaining time should necessarily be spent in pure frivolity. I mean that four hours work a day should entitle a man to the necessities and elementary comforts of life, and that the rest of his time should be his to use as he might see fit. It is an essential part of any such social system that education should be carried further than it usually is at present, and should aim, in part, at providing tastes which would enable a man to use leisure intelligently. I am not thinking mainly of the sort of things that would be considered highbrow. Peasant dances have died out except in remote rural areas, but the impulses which caused them to be cultivated must still exist in human nature. The pleasures of urban populations have become mainly passive: seeing cinemas, watching football matches, listening to the radio, and so on. This results from the fact that their activ e energies are fully taken up with work; if they had more leisure, they would again enjoy pleasures in which they took an active part. In the past, there was a small leisure class and a larger working class. The leisure class enjoyed advantages for which there was no basis in social justice; this necessarily made it oppressive, limited its sympathies, and caused it to invent theories by which to justify its privileges. These facts greatly diminished its excellence, but in spite of this drawback it contributed nearly the whole of what we call civilization. It cultivated the arts and discovered the sciences; it wrote the books, invented the philosophies, and refined social relations. Even the liberation of the oppressed has usually been inaugurated from above. Without the leisure class, mankind would never have emerged from barbarism. The method of a leisure class without duties was, however, extraordinarily wasteful. None of the members of the class had to be taught to be industrious, and the class as a whole was not exceptionally intelligent. The class might produce one Darwin, but against him had to be set tens of thousands of country gentlemen who never thought of anything more intelligent than fox-hunting and punishing poachers. At present, the universities are supposed to provide, in a more systematic way, what the leisure class provided accidentally and as a by-product. This is a great improvement, but it has certain drawbacks. University life is so different from life in the world at large that men who live in academic milieu tend to be unaware of the preoccupations and problems of ordinary men and women; moreover their ways of expressing themselves are usually such as to rob their opinions of the influence that they ought to have upon the general public. Another disadvantage is that in universities studie s are organized, and the man who thinks of some original line of research is likely to be discouraged. Academic institutions, therefore, useful as they are, are not adequate guardians of the interests of civilization in a world where everyone outside their walls is too busy for unutilitarian pursuits. In a world where no one is compelled to work more than four hours a day, every person possessed of scientific curiosity will be able to indulge it, and every painter will be able to paint without starving, however excellent his pictures may be. Young writers will not be obliged to draw attention to themselves by sensational pot-boilers, with a view to acquiring the economic independence needed for monumental works, for which, when the time at last comes, they will have lost the taste and capacity. Men who, in their professional work, have become interested in some phase of economics or government, will be able to develop their ideas without the academic detachment that makes the work of university economists often seem lacking in reality. Medical men will have the time to learn about the progress of medicine, teachers will not be exasperatedly struggling to teach by routine methods things which they learnt in their youth, which may, in the interval, have been proved to be untrue. Above all, there will be happiness and joy of life, instead of frayed nerves, weariness, and dyspepsia. The work exacted will be enough to make leisure delightful, but not enough to produce exhaustion. Since men will not be tired in their spare time, they will not demand only such amusements as are passive and vapid. At least one per cent will probably devote the time not spent in professional work to pursuits of some public importance, and, since they will not depend upon these pursuits for their livelihood, their originality will be unhampered, and there will be no need to conform to the standards set by elderly pundits. But it is not only in these exceptional cases that the advantages of leisure will appear. Ordinary men and women, having the opportunity of a happy life, will become more kindly and less persecuting and less inclined to view others with suspicion. The taste for war will die out, partly for this reason, and partly because it will involve long and severe work for all . Good nature is, of all moral qualities, the one that the world needs most, and good nature is the result of ease and security, not of a life of arduous struggle. Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there were machines; in this we have been foolish, but there is no reason to go on being foolish forever. (1932)

Using the Adjective Lackadaisical

Using the Adjective Lackadaisical Using the Adjective Lackadaisical Using the Adjective Lackadaisical By Maeve Maddox One of my mothers favorite words was lackadaisical. Example: Dont vote for her to head the committee. Shes too lackadaisical to get anything done. Some people use lackadaisical as a synonym for lazy, but thats not quite what the word means. This headline indicates the difference: FCC: Lazy Or Just Lackadaisical? Lazy implies the deliberate avoidance of work in order to spare oneself effort. Lackadaisical implies lack of purpose. The lazy person has a purpose. The lackadaisical person is content to let things happen. The adjective lackadaisical derives ultimately from the word lack in the Middle English sense of loss, failure, reproach, shame. When people were overcome by the sadness, unfairness, or futility of life, they would put the back of their hands to their foreheads and exclaim Ah, lack! Ah, lack became the word alack. Then came the expression Alack the day! On a day, alack the day! †¨Love, whose month was ever May,†¨ Spied a blossom passing fair,†¨ Playing in the wanton air†¦ Shakespeare, Loves Perjuries Alack the day contracted to the interjection lackaday: Ah, lack-a-day! its a troublesome world! Lack-a-day became lack-a-daisy: The carpenter..said ‘lack-a-daisy!’ when he saw that the old theatre was pulled down. The whimsical adjective lackadaisical derives from the exclamation lackadaisy. The OED gives this definition of lackadaisical: Resembling one who is given to crying ‘Lackaday!’; full of vapid feeling or sentiment; affectedly languishing. Said of persons, their behaviour, manners, and utterances. Merriam-Webster defines lackadaisical this way: lacking life, spirit, or zest : devoid of energy or purpose These examples from the web indicate that lackadaisical is now used most often to mean lack of energy or purpose: Having a lackadaisical selling effort is nothing to be proud of Cleveland police remain too lackadaisical in handling sex crimes Lackadaisical play irks White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen Giuliani: Obama has lackadaisical attitude toward war, Gulf oil crisis Why are todays teenagers so careless and lackadaisical? Are Christian churches today lackadaisical on discipline? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Social vs. SocietalPreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Sociology - Essay Example Likewise, if the polling takes place in the daytime, it will be under-represented by working people. One of the keys to using these polls is to assume that the margin of error is far greater than the polls would lead us to believe. Generally, the margin is plus or minus 3 percent. However, the reasons given above would inject more than this amount of error. News outlets are challenged to produce polls almost daily that have a headline grabbing quality. The consumer needs to be aware that these polls are used to sell news and attract an audience. They are not scientific or for the benefit of the viewer. While it would be a bit overboard to regulate the polling, it is the responsibility of the source to be as accurate as possible. In an election, the candidate that is reported as the frontrunner may have an advantage, as people like to vote with the winner. This is why momentum is regularly brought up as a desirable feature of a